Appendices

COMMUNITIES SURVEYED

General background

The main island of Pohnpei, roughly circular and with an area of about 100 square miles, is the largest island in FSM. Over 90 percent of the state's 33,000 people live on this single volcanic island. It is a lush and fertile island with a rugged mountainous interior that is unsettled. The main island is divided into six municipalities, all of which except for the town area of Kolonia, were once independent chiefdoms with their own political authority. Madolenihmw and Kiti, situated on the southern side of the island, are the largest and the farthest from the town of Kolonia at the northern tip of Pohnpei. Kolonia and its suburbs are home for about 10,000 people, including many outsiders-Americans, Australians, Asians and Micronesians from other places-who work at the national capital five miles out of town. Elsewhere on the island, the local population lives in scattered homesteads and support themselves on breadfruit, yams, other locally grown food, fish, and pigs used largely for ceremonial purposes. The people on Pohnpei are divided religiously; about 60 percent of the population is Catholic, about 35 percent is United Church of Christ, and the remainder are adherents of the Assembly of God, Latter Day Saints, Seventh Day Adventists, and other small sects.

In addition to the main island of Pohnpei, the state has five inhabited outer islands: Sapwuahfik (or Ngatik), Mwoakilloa (or Mokil), Pingelap, Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi. The last two of these are Polynesian outliers on which entirely distinct languages are spoken. The population of these five islands combined is a little more than 2,000 (most have more of their number living on Pohnpei than on their own island). The lifestyle in the coral outer islands is subsistence; there are no salaried jobs to speak of. Except for Ngatik, which has a sizeable Catholic community, the outer islands are predominantly Protestant.

Communities Surveyed

Enipein Pah (Kiti) Enipein Pah is a rural community on the southern side of the island, as distant as one can be from the port town and its conveniences. Nearly all the population is ethnic Pohnpeian. Most of the people are not wage earners, but live off the land. Most adults drink sakau almost daily. Many of the alcohol users seem to be primarily sakau drinkers who may have one or two cans of beer after finishing their sakau in the evening. A good number of the males up to the 40s smoke marijuana, most of which locally grown. It is a close-knit community in which everyone knows all the others in the village. The educational attainment of most adults is limited to 6th to 8th grade level. The overwhelming majority of the village population are Catholic.

Saladak (U) This is a village in U, close to the Madolenihmw border, that is well out of town. A the small sakau markets which dot the roadside adults gather for the ritual evening sakau pounding and conversation. Alcohol use among the older folks is limited to one or two cans of beer or chasers. The younger men tend to consume more alcohol. Marijuana is grown for local consumption and for sale outside the village. The village is largely Protestant and church ministers wield a considerable amount of authority. Some of these ministers expressed gratitude for the survey as they are contemplating approaches/programs to address drug and alcohol abuse among the youth.

Ohmine (Kolonia) Ohmine is a section of Kolonia, the main town in Pohnpei. It has a mxiture of different ethnic groups; Pohnpeian, Kosraean, Chuukese, Yapese, Ngatikese, with a few Americans, Japanese and Palauans added. For this reason, there is no real sense of community belonging in this sub-section of the town. Relations seemed to point outward, to the places of origin of its polyglot members. The residents of Ohmine are simply thrown together by necessity. The area has a liquor store open all night and catering to late night drinkers. This is the only all-night store on the island.

Mesihsou (Madolenihmw) This area is about 20 miles from town in a municipality that is by law "dry." The population is strongly Protestant and public conduct is guided in good measure by religious tenets. Some drinking takes place, but it usually done on the sly, not as openly as in some communities. Even a few girls drink, although not openly, and sneak out to meet their boyfriends as they would have in the old days. Sakau consumption is as common in Mesihsou as in any other section of Pohnpei.

Sokehs Pah This section, containing several small villages, is located on the western side of Sokehs Island. Nearly everyone in this section originally came from the Mortlocks in Chuuk, many of them tracing their arrival to the beginning of this century. Nonetheless, most identify themselves as Pohnpeians. All the families but one are Catholic. There is a lot of fighting that breaks out after drinking bouts, especially on weekends, but the trouble is rarely serious. The youth group is a big help in keeping youths occupied and out of trouble.

Palipowe (Nett) This area is not far from town. The area is not particularly traditional and is certainly not rural. There is a high percentage of high school educated adults in the village. For all that, however, the residents believe the their family structures are more intact than in other parts of the island. Most of the population are Catholics. The few females who use alcohol do so very discreetly since people frown on women who drink.

Mokil This is a small coral atoll 200 miles from Pohnpei. The population is overwhelmingly Protestant. The lifestyle is a blend of the traditional and modern. Most of the houses are built of concrete and nearly all have solar panels to provide electricity. Each household has one or two water catchment tanks build of cement. Yet, there are few wage-earners on the island other than the eight school teachers; most of those from Mokil who have the education required to get a fulltime job have moved to Pohnpei. Almost everyone on the island smokes cigarettes, with children beginning to smoke at the age of 9 or 10. Marijuana, alcohol and yeast are widely used but not in the open. The marijuana supply is brought in from Pohnpei. Recently girl have been seen drinking yeast with boys in the evenings-something unheard of in former times.

General Background

The state is composed of a single volcanic island with about half the area of Pohnpei Island. The island rises even more steeply than Pohnpei, so the population of some 7,300 is settled along a narrow level band that rings the island. The island is divided into four municipalities (Lelu, Malem, Tafunsak, and Utwe) reflecting the traditional political organization of Kosrae. The main population center is Lelu, actually an islet, and Tofol, adjacent to Lelu and the center of government on the island. Because of the smallness of the population, a relatively large percentage of the people of Kosrae enjoy wage employment or access to other sources of money. This is seen in the food people eat, their clothes and other externals of their way of life. Kosrae is a strongly Protestant island, with about 95 percent of the population claiming membership in the United Church of Christ.

Communities Surveyed

Lelu This is a tiny island connected to the main island of Kosrae by a causeway, but the municipality extends beyond it to the main island. Formerly it was the capital of the state, and even now is one of the main population centers. The main church is located in Lelu, which is almost entirely Protestant like the rest of the island. Most of the social life in Lelu and elsewhere in the state is centered on church activities. The oldest hotel on the island, located on Lelu, remains in operation until today. An aquaculture center is also located there, along with several medium-sized stores. The entire population of Lelu enjoys the conveniences of town life-telephone, power, etc. The people in Lelu, as in other municipalities, are outgoing and friendly.

Malem This municipality is located just beyond the government administrative center known as Tofol. It is more rural than Lelu, although it too has power and phone service. There is a small level area that is densely inhabited with the remainder of the municipality consisting of highlands and mountainous areas. There is a small hotel located in this area, as well as the now defunct hydro-power plant. The youth in Malem have a reputation as buyers of marijuana grown in Tafunsak.

Utwe This municipality lies at the end of the paved road. The lifestyle is rural and much more farming is done here than in most of the other municipalities in Kosrae, although most of the people have phones and power. Mangrove crabs, citrus fruits and fish are sold. Church life is central in this community as it is throughout the state.

General Background

Chuuk is the most populous state in the FSM and the most crowded. Its population of over 53,000 comprises a bit more than half of the entire population of the nation. Yet, its people occupy about 49 square miles of land, one-fifth of the land area of he nation. As densely settled as the state is, political authority is divided into very small units. There are about 40 municipalities in the state, each representing an inhabited island or atoll, and precolonial political boundaries were even more tightly drawn. Over 75 percent of the population live inside the Chuuk Lagoon. This lagoon, the heart of the state, is encircled by a barrier reef of more than 100 miles circumference and contains about a dozen inhabited islands. The most populated of these is Weno, the seat of the state government and the commercial center of the state. Other major islands in the Chuuk Lagoon are Toloas, Fefan, Uman, Udot, Romanum and Tol. There is a very small expatriate population in Chuuk and a limited private sector consisting mostly of retail stores. Although people wear western clothing and have taken on some of the other externals of a western lifestyle, many live a semi-subsistence mode of life and eat the breadfruit, taro and fish that they obtain. The population of the state is rather equally divided into Catholic and Protestant, with some of the latter being Evangelicals and the rest members of the United Church of Christ.

Like Pohnpei and Yap, Chuuk State has outer islands within its jurisdiction. Nearly 12,000 people live on four separate groups of atolls that surround Chuuk Lagoon: the Mortlocks to the southeast, the Westerns due west of Chuuk, the Namonwitos to the northwest, and the Hall Islands to the north. Only the Western Islands, which are closely related to nearby atolls in Yap State, have retained traditional dress.

Communities Surveyed

Seletiw (Weno) This community is almost entirely made up Mortlockese who have taken up residence on Weno, the state capital and main island of Chuuk. This village is situated close to the airport and not far from the government offices in Nantaku. Many of the Mortlockese residents of this community are wage-earners, thanks to their government jobs or employment in private stores. They remain fervently devoted to the Mortlocks, despite their move into the Chuuk Lagoon, and most are active Catholics. Most of the associations to which people belong are church-related. The people of this community are extremely friendly and tend to be very conservative in most things. The leadership of this community tends to be strong and the people cooperative.

Tunnuk (Weno) This village is at the end of the causeway leading out of town. It is the first non-urbanized village on the north side of the island. The village is the site of the Catholic cathedral, which looms high as one enters the village from the west. Next to it is a Catholic elementary school, perhaps the most highly regarded elementary school in Chuuk. The village is predominantly Catholic, although there is a sizeable minority of Protestants with a church of their own. Several wealthy Chuukese make their home in the village, and there is a rock quarry owned by two FSM congressmen. The leadership of the village has never been strong and the village is as divided today as it ever has been. They youth of Tunnuk have always been regarded as troublemakers.

Sapuk (Weno) This village is actually a conglomeration of four different named villages at the eastern tip of Weno Island. In the eye of a Chuukese, Sapuk is a rural village-the spot where the road ends, literally and figuratively. Looking down on the village from a bluff is Xavier High School, a prominent Jesuit-run educational institution that is housed in an old concrete building that was a Japanese naval communication station during World War II. On a hill at the very end of the peninsula stands a Japanese-built lighthouse that is something of a tourist attraction these days. The village is religiously divided; it is chiefly Protestant, with four different United Church of Christ congregations, but there is also a small Catholic church and a Morman church. Sapuk was always a troublespot on the island until the police established a sub-station there two years ago. People now feel comfortable walking around at night for the first time.

Nama This is an island in the northern Mortlocks, 50 miles south of Chuuk Lagoon, with a resident population of almost 900. The island is completely Protestant. Perhaps even more than the rest of the Mortlocks, Nama has had a very high emigration rate into Weno and beyond. Of those who remain on Nama, few are employed but many have regular access to cash. This may be due to remittances and gifts from relatives working abroad. Some families have small generators and most seem to have adopted rice as the staple of their diet along with other Western canned foods. The local food obtained from fishing and farming augment imported foods on the diet, but local foods have become secondary.

Nomwin This is an island in the Halls, 60 miles north of Chuuk Lagoon. The island has about 750 residents at present, nearly all of them Protestant. Like Nama, the island has few persons earning a regular salary. Most of the people live off the fruits of the land and sea, and the salted fish made on the island has a reputation throughout Chuuk for its flavor. The island has its own small boat that makes regular trips into Weno to ferry people back and forth. The island residents are very friendly.

Sapore (Fefan) Sapore is at the southern end of Fefan Island, a half-hour motorboat ride from Weno. The island has a population of about 4,600, three-quarters of them Catholics. Sapore is almost entirely Catholic. The island prides itself as being the "heartland" of Chuuk. Its social values tend to be conservative and the island, but particularly Sapore, is staunchly and openly religious. Fefan is known for its agricultural produce and the handicraft it produces. Fefan has a municipal ordinance prohibiting drinking alcohol on the island that is strongly enforced.

Kuchua (Tonoas) Kuchua, one of the larger villages on Tonoas, is separated from Weno by a three-mile wide channel. This village was once the headquarters of the United Church of Christ mission and is recognized as one of the mother churches of the Protestant conference in Chuuk. It remains strongly Protestant until today. Tonoas also has a historical claim to fame in that it was the headquarters for the Japanese navy during World War II. Many of the residents of Tonoas are employed by the government and commute to work each day by motorboat. Like Fefan, the island has an ordinance banning alcohol.

Sopou (Uman) Sopou is located at the southern end of Uman Island, 45 minutes by boat from Weno. The village is densely settled, although most of the residents have taro patches elsewhere on the island and pick breadfruit from their land. As villages in Chuuk go, this is fairly modernized. There are a number of new concrete houses and a good number of the people seem to have jobs on Weno. The ratio of high school graduates from Sopou is high, with many of its people moving off to Guam or Saipan for work after graduation. The population is almost all Catholic.

Foup (Tol) This village is situated on the island of Tol in the western part of the Chuuk Lagoon, twenty miles or an hour's motorboat ride from Weno. The village consists of a cluster of a few dozen houses in close proximity to one another as well as a number of households widely dispersed over a forested plateau. The people of Foup can accurately be called "rural;" they live off the land and are rough-hewn, as farmers throughout the world can be. About 80 percent of the population is Catholic, and the main church on the entire island complex of Faichuk is located just five minutes down the hill from the main population concentration of Foup. Many of the Foup people have emigrated to Guam for better jobs. Those who returned were said to have brought liquor, marijuana and other drugs with them when they resettled in their village.

General Background

Yap proper is a congeries of four islands of continental shelf surrounded by a barrier reef. This land mass-sometimes called Yap proper-has an area of about 40 square miles. Yapese are generally regarded as the most traditional people of Micronesia, in or out of FSM. People live in villages that remain under the authority of the old chiefs. A caste system based on the status of the village remains in force even till today. Thatched men's houses built of local materials can be seen in almost all the villages. The local diet, which is often supplemented by store-bought food today, consists mainly of taro and fish. The town area, which engirds the main port and a small bay near it, is small, even by Micronesian standards. A good road system carries employees and school children from town (Colonia) to their villages. Few Yapese live in the town area, preferring instead to commute to and from their home in the village. The residents of the town are mostly Americans, Filipinos, Palauans and outer island Yapese who have moved off their island. About 60 percent of the state population of 11,300 live on the main islands. The state population is 95 percent Catholic.

Part of the state consists of a long chain of coral atolls known as the Outer Islands of Yap. The 4,300 inhabitants of these atolls live the kind of lifestyle that has always been associated with the South Seas. The women dress in lavalavas and the men in loincloths; they sleep for the most part in simple houses built of wooden posts and thatch roofs; they subsist on the fruits of the land and the sea. Ships may visit these islands every two or three months, unloading canned food, cigarettes, and beer. The traditional island authority system is still largely intact on most islands. About 100 miles from the high islands of Yap lies Ulithi, the largest and most prestigious of the coral atolls. Woleai, Fais, Ifalik, Lamotrek and Satawal are some of the principal islands in the group. On nearly all these atolls men often gather in the late afternoon to drink tuba, the fermented sap of the coconut palm. The language chain spoken by these atoll dwellers is entirely distinct from the language spoken on the main islands of Yap; the dialects are more closely related to Chuukese. Virtually all Outer Islanders are Catholic.

Communities Surveyed

Ngolog (Rull) This village is located on the fringe of Colonia Town, the site of the government and commercial center. It is a residential area with a multiethnic population composed of Outer Islanders, Palauans, and a handful of Filipinos, Americans, and Japanese, besides Yapese. Many of those living in this village are government or business employees. An apartment building and a hotel are located in this community, as is the government radio station. Most of the residents have electrical power and telephones. The chief of Rull, one of the most important municipalities on Yap, lives there. The population is mostly Catholic, as in other parts of Yap.

Kanifay This municipality is located in the rather sparsely populated southern part of the main island of Yap. The villages here are so small that they consist of only a few households. For that reason, several villages were included in the community surveyed. The municipality can be called traditional, with most of the residents living off the land. Nonetheless, power and telephone service is available to those who want these amenities. Twenty years ago this area had earned a reputation as one of the main trouble spots on the island, for some of its youth formed motorcycle gangs and were regarded as belligerent towards others outside their area. The reputation has abated in time and now the village is known for its close cooperation on community projects. Several of the present residents are suspected to be ice users, however.

Maa/Thol (Tomil) This community, located in the eastern part of Tomil Municipality, straddles two different villages. One of them is the high caste village of Maa, while the other takes in part of the low caste village of Thol. Maa, the home of the present governor, is a thriving community with good public facilities. The village has a youth center that is used daily for basketball and volleyball games and youth meetings. The women's club runs a laundromat, and the girls present dances for tourists bussed into the village one evening a week. Most households have electric power and phone service. Thol, the low caste village, has few of these advantages that Maa enjoys. There are almost no modern buildings, very few of the villagers have electricity in their homes, and there are none of the community activities that distinguish Maa. This village seems to have many heavy drinkers and troublemakers.

Falalap (Ulithi) This small island in the Ulithi Atoll is the most cosmopolitan of the outer island communities. It is the site of Outer Islands High School, which draws for its enrollment from all the atolls in Yap State, and has a small paved airstrip used by the airline that flies into Falalap three times a week. There are other branches offices located on the island: a post office, the office of the governor's representative for the Outer Islands, and a small bank. The island is tightly linked to Yap by communications-government and private radios as well as the walkie talkies that are found everywhere on the island. The people are extremely friendly and generous to visitors. The men customarily gather in small groups in the canoe houses in the evenings to drink tuba and gossip about island events. Young girls seem to have taken to drinking in the last few years.

Mogmog (Ulithi) This islet lies about 20 miles from Falalap and is the traditional center of chiefly power in Ulithi. Except for a few people who have salaried positions in the elementary school or the dispensary, the residents live off the land. There are some concrete houses and a few generators, but the style of life is semi-subsistence for most people. Tuba and yeast drinking

are common among males here, and drinking is said to be on the rise among teenagers.

1) HOUSEHOLD SURVEY RECORD SHEET

State ________________ Village ____________________ House # ___

Total number living in household: ________

Head of household:

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Household members:

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

Name_______________________________ Sex____ Age _________

2) INDIVIDUAL USER RECORD SHEET

State ________________ Village ____________________ House # ___

Name_______________________________ Sex: M F Age _________

Ethnicity: _______________________

Marital Status: Single Married Divorced Widowed

Wage Employment: No Yes If yes, where? ______________________

Education: Last grade completed in school __________

Student at present? No Yes If yes, where? ___________________

Travel abroad (6 months or more)? No Yes If yes, how long?

Drugs used: Alc Mar Coc Her Other ________________

Gas/glue Sniffing? Y N

Alcohol

Frequency in last year:

___almost daily

___3-4 days a week

___1-2 days a week

___1-3 days a month

___less than once a month

Amount consumed in last year: avg number of drinks in one day_____

More than 5 drinks in one day? Y N

Frequency during last month:

___almost daily

___3-4 days a week

___1-2 days a week

___1-3 days a month

___less than once a month

Amount consumed in last month: avg number of drinks in one day_____

Binges lasting more than one day? Y N

Neglect of his responsibilities? Y N

How many binges in the last year? ______

When did last binge occur? ____________

Problems related to drinking? Y N

___ illness or injury

___ missed work or duties

___ arrested for alcohol-related offenses

___ fighting while drunk

___ beating wife or children

___ other family problems

___ mental problems

Treatment for alcohol abuse sought? Y N

Serious drinking problem? Y N

Alcoholic? Y N

Marijuana

Smoked marijuana more than 2 times in the last year? Y N

Frequency of marijuana smoking:

___almost daily

___3-4 days a week

___1-2 days a week

___1-3 days a month

___less than once a month

Amount consumed: avg number of joints smoked in one day _____

Use of marijuana now? Y N

Problems related to use of marijuana ____________________________

Other Drugs

What drugs used? _______________________________________

Use of these drugs now? Y N

Gas/Glue Sniffing

Sniffing now? Y N

How often? _______________

3) INDIVIDUAL USER INTERVIEW INSTRUMENT

Alcohol

1) In the last year, has the person had something to drink

___ almost every day

___ 3-4 days a week

___ 1-2 days a week

___ 1-3 days a month

___ less than once a month

2) On days when he drank, about how many drinks on average would he have?

___ drinks in one day

3) Has he had more than 5 drinks in a day at any time during the last year?

4) During the last month, has he had at least one drink?

How many days did he drink?

On days when he drank, how many drinks did he take on average?

5) Has he ever gone on binges where he has kept drinking for a couple of days or more without sobering up?

Did he neglect some of his usual responsibilities at those times?

About how many times has this happened in the last year?

When was the last time this happened?

6) Has he ever had problems related to his drinking?

Has he ever been admitted to the hospital or treated in the hospital or dispensary or at home for alcohol-related illness or injury?

Has he ever missed work or neglected his other responsibilities due to his drinking?

Has he ever been arrested for alcohol-related offenses?

Has he been involved in fights with others while he was drunk?

Has he beaten his wife or children or other relatives when drunk?

Has he experienced other problems with his family--for instance, arguments with family members, his wife threatening to leave him or actually doing so because of his drinking?

Has he shown any signs of mental problems--for instance, talking to himself, hallucinations, hearing voices, avoiding other people, or unpredictable behavior?

8) Has he ever sought treatment for alcohol abuse in any kind of anti-alcohol program (AA, church programs, private counseling, etc)?

9) Does he, in your judgment, have a serious drinking problem?

10) Is he addicted to drinking?

Marijuana

1) Has he used marijuana more than 2 times in the past year?

2) How frequently did he smoke marijuana?

How many days a month?

How many joints on days that he smoked marijuana?

3) Does he still use marijuana now?

4) Has he experienced any problems in connection with his use of this drug?

Other Drugs

1) Has he ever used other, stronger drugs than alcohol and marijuana?

hallucinogens: PCP, LSD

cocaine: coke, crack

heroin or other opiates (Codeine, morphine, Demerol)

amphetamines: speed, ice, "uppers", Benzedrine

2) What kind of drugs has he used?

3) Does he still use these drugs?

Gas/Glue Sniffing

1) Has he sniffed gas, glue, or any other inhalant during the last year?

2) How frequently has he done so?